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A communications device is any type of hardware capable of transmitting data, instructions,and information between a sending device and a receiving device. One type of communicationsdevice that connects a communications channel to a sending or receiving device such as a com-puter is a modem. Computers process data as digital signals. Data, instructions, and informationtravel along a communications channel in either analog or digital form, depending on the com-munications channel. An analog signal consists of a continuous electrical wave. A digital signalconsists of individual electrical pulses that represent bits grouped together into bytes.
Portable WiFi hotspot devices can be used within the vast AT&T high-speed wireless coverage area. The devices are especially useful to teams traveling as a group to a conference, a customer site or other work event because your workforce is essentially taking a secure connection with them —including access to your company’s networking and security policies. The mission of a wireless USB hub 3.0 is to transform data that is received from attached USB devices into Wi-Fi signals which are then redirected to other users of the Wi-Fi network. The peripherals that need to be used remotely should be directly plugged into the hub’s USB ports in order to be shared across the local network.
For communications channels that use digital signals (such as cable television lines), the modemtransfers the digital signals between the computer and the communications channel.If a communications channel uses analog signals (such as some telephone lines), however, themodem first converts between analog and digital signals.
The following pages describe the following types of communications devices: dial-up modems, ISDNand DSL modems, cable modems, wireless modems, network cards, wireless access points, and routers.
Dial-Up ModemsAs previously discussed, a computer’s digital signals must be converted to analog signals beforethey are transmitted over standard telephone lines. The communications device that performs thisconversion is a modem, sometimes called a dial-up modem. The word, modem, is derived from thecombination of the words, modulate, to change into an analog signal, and demodulate, to convert ananalog signal into a digital signal.
A modem usually is in the form of an adapter card that you insert in an expansion slot on a com-puter’s motherboard. One end of a standard telephone cord attaches to a port on the modem cardand the other end plugs into a telephone outlet.
ISDN and DSL Modems
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If you access the Internet using ISDN or DSL, you need a communications device to send andreceive the digital ISDN or DSL signals. An ISDN modem sends digital data and information froma computer to an ISDN line and receives digital data and information from an ISDN line. A DSLmodem sends digital data and information from a computer to a DSL line and receives digital dataand information from a DSL line. ISDN and DSL modems usually are external devices, in whichone end connects to the telephone line and the other end connects to a port on the system unit.
Cable Modems
A cable modem is a digital modem that sends and receives digital data over the cable television(CATV) network (Figure 8-18). With more than 110 million homes wired for cable television, cablemodems provide a faster Internet access alternative to dial-up for the home user and have speedssimilar to DSL. Cable modems currently can transmit data at speeds that are much faster thaneither a dial-up modem or ISDN.
Wireless ModemsSome mobile users have awireless modem that uses the cell phone network to connect to the Internet wirelessly from a notebook computer, a smartphone, or other mobile device(Figure 8-19). Wireless modems,which have an external or built-inantenna, are available as PC Cards,ExpressCard modules, and flashcards.
Network Cards
A network card is an adapter card, PC Card, ExpressCard module, USB network adapter, orflash card that enables a computer or device that does not have networking capability to access anetwork. The network card coordinates the transmission and receipt of data, instructions, andinformation to and from the computer or device containing the network card.
Network cards are available in a variety of styles (Figure 8-20). A network card for a desktopcomputer is an adapter card that has a port to which a cable connects. A network card for mobilecomputers and devices is in the form of a PC Card, ExpressCard module, USB network adapter,or a flash card. Network cards that provide wireless data transmission also are available. Thistype of card, sometimes called a wireless network card, often has an antenna.
A network card follows the guidelines of a particular network communications standard, suchas Ethernet or token ring. An Ethernet card is the most common type of network card.
Wireless Access Points
A wireless access point is a centralcommunications device that allows com-puters and devices to transfer data wirelesslyamong themselves or to transfer data wire-lessly to a wired network (Figure 8-7 on page303). Wireless access points have high-qualityantennas for optimal signals.
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Routers
A router is a communications device thatconnects multiple computers or other routerstogether and transmits data to its correct desti-nation on the network. A router can be usedon any size of network. On the largest scale,routers along the Internet backbone forwarddata packets to their destination using thefastest available path. For smaller businessand home networks, a router allows multiplecomputers to share a single high-speedInternet connection such as a cable modem or DSL modem (Figure 8-21). These routersconnect from 2 to 250 computers.
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To prevent unauthorized users from accessing files and computers, many routers are protected bya built-in firewall, called a hardware firewall. Some also have built-in antivirus protection. Today’srouters or combination wireless access point/routers are easy to configure and secure againstunauthorized access.